微生物燃料电池在污水处理中的研究进展

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)利用微生物催化剂将其代谢能直接转化为电能,具有原料广泛、反应条件温和、清洁高效等优点.简述了MFC的工作原理及分类,总结了用于污水处理的MFC的性能及其影响因素.探讨了MFC在实际应用中的瓶颈,并展望其在污水处理中的应用前景.     

四溴双酚A在煤胶体上的表面吸附和分配作用特征

以采自内蒙古霍林河煤矿的煤样为研究对象,通过模拟实验研究了四溴双酚A在煤胶体上的吸附行为,重点探讨了温度、p H值和离子强度对四溴双酚A在煤胶体上表面吸附和分配作用的影响.结果表明:煤胶体对四溴双酚A的吸附过程可由Freundlich表面吸附-分配复合模型很好地描述.随着温度的升高,四溴双酚A在煤胶体上吸附的分配作用和表面吸附同样都有所下降,但温度的升高对分配作用的影响程度较大.p H值主要影响四溴双酚A在煤胶体上的分配作用,在p H值为9时,四溴双酚A在煤胶体上的吸附以表面吸附为主,其对总吸附量的贡献率为97.5%;而在p H值为6~8时,则以分配作用为主,其对总吸附量的贡献率为64.0%~78.9%.Ca~(2+)浓度为0.001~0.1 mol·L~(-1)时,离子强度对于四溴双酚A在煤胶体上的表面吸附和分配作用均影响较小.     

石墨烯掺杂聚苯胺阳极提高微生物燃料电池性能

微生物燃料电池（microbial fuel cell,MFC）技术可分解代谢污染物质并同步输出电能,在环境及能源领域吸引了越来越多的关注.但是,输出功率密度较低、成本较高、底物降解率低等特点限制了其实际应用,其中阳极是主要限制因素之一.本研究选取具有优异导电性、大比表面积的石墨烯和生物相容性较好的聚苯胺（polyaniline,PANI）,并优化二者比例关系,制备得到石墨烯掺杂PANI复合材料.将复合材料涂覆在玻碳电极表面分析电化学性能,循环伏安（cyclic voltammetry,CV）和线性伏安扫描（linear sweep voltammetry,LSV）测试结果均显示石墨烯含量占比20%的复合电极（20%石墨烯）电化学性能最好.将复合材料修饰在碳布表面作为MFC阳极时以石墨烯含量占比5%的复合电极（5%石墨烯）生物电化学性能最佳,LSV得到最大输出功率密度为（831±45）mW·m^-2,分别是20%石墨烯、1%石墨烯、石墨烯、PANI、碳布阳极的1.2、1.3、1.3、1.5、1.8倍.最大输出电压、开路电压、化学需氧量去除率、库仑效率、生物量密度均以5%石墨烯电极最高.电化学阻抗分析表明5%石墨烯电极极化内阻仅为（24±2）Ω,是碳布电极的19.8%.电化学和生物电化学性能并不完全一致,说明电极材料的生物相容性是影响MFC性能的主要因素之一.5%石墨烯阳极充分发挥了石墨烯和聚苯胺的优点,提高了MFC的产电性能.     

铁酸锰活性炭阴极催化剂的制备与对微生物燃料电池产电性能的影响

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)阴极的氧化还原反应能力对MFC的产电性能起着至关重要的作用,因此,本研究制备了铁酸锰/活性炭(MnFe₂O₄/AC)并对其进行材料学表征,研究其作为MFC空气阴极催化剂时产电和污水处理效果.研究表明,MnFe₂O₄和AC物质的量比为1:3时MFC电功率密度最高,达302.7mW/m².在峰值电压附近维持时间长达200h,维持时间是传统Pt/C催化剂MFC的4倍,库伦效率达到17.45%.在催化剂重复利用实验中发现,在相同的运行时间内,采用Pt/C催化剂的MFC电压下降明显,而采用MnFe₂O₄/AC催化剂的MFC电压基本保持稳定,证明了MnFe₂O₄/AC催化剂良好的循环稳定性.污水处理效果方面,MnFe₂O₄和AC物质的量比为1:3时处理效果最好,COD去除率达74.66%.因此,MnFe₂O₄/AC催化剂制备简单、价格低廉、电化学性能稳定,在提高MFC产电持久性方面具有实际意义.     

Removal of refractory organics and heavy metals in landfill leachate concentrate by peroxi-coagulation process

Landfill leachate is a complex effluent and it is difficult to deal with. Electrochemical methods have been considered as a promising alternative technology for treatment of landfill leachate with refractory organic contaminants and heavy metals. Peroxi-coagulation (PC) process with iron anode and modified graphite felt cathode was developed for efficient landfill leachate concentrate treatment. Compared to electro-Fenton (EF) and electrocoagulation (EC) processes, the PC process was more cost-effective due to the combined action of ^•OH oxidation and iron hydroxides coagulation. A maximal TOC removal of 77.2% ± 1.4% was obtained after 360 min at initial pH = 5.0 and current density of 10 mA/cm². After the PC process, concentrations of all seven heavy metals in the final effluents were below the allowable emission limits given by the present regulatory standards. The method preference for heavy metal removal was PC > EC > EF. Based on the three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with regional integration analysis during the PC treatment, the florescence peaks of both humic acids and fulvic acids disappeared after treatment for 360 min. Decreasing trends were observed in the fluorescent regional standard volumes for aromatic protein I (31.4%), aromatic protein II (63.7%), fulvic acid-like (69.5%), soluble microbial by-product-like (75%) and humic acid-like regions (76.3%). The results indicate that comparing to the EF and EC process, the PC process provide a promising and more cost-effective alternative for the treatment of landfill leachate concentrate.     

保暖鞋鞋底保暖结构研究

本文结合鞋靴保暖功效学原理,重点研究了支撑式鞋垫和橡胶双密度胶底结构。通过实验确定了鞋底发泡层视密度的范围在0.75g/cm3～0.85g/cm3之间,发泡橡胶的拉伸和导热性能达到平衡,兼顾了保暖鞋的耐穿和防寒隔热性能。     

Electro-Fenton degradation of cationic red X-GRL using an activated carbon fiber cathode

We reported the study of the degradation of the azo dye cationic red X-GRL by the electro-Fenton process using an activated carbon fiber cathode. The electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide in solution using different material cathodes fed with air was investigated, and the results revealed that the activated carbon fiber cathode was more effective compared to the graphite cathode. The decolorization and mineralization of cationic red X-GRL were also determined. The effect of the operating parameters, such as the initial Fe²⁺ concentration, temperature and initial dye concentration, was investigated. The optimum Fe²⁺ catalyst concentration values for the degradation of cationic red X-GRL was found to be 5 mM. The rate of decolorization and mineralization of dye could be accelerated by increasing the temperature. In addition, the decolorization and total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency decreased with the increasing initial dye concentration, while the TOC removal increased. Two different transition metal ions (Cu²⁺ and Mn²⁺) were applied as substitutes for ferrous sulfate for evaluating catalytic effect. The results indicated that Cu²⁺ and Mn²⁺ were more effective than Fe²⁺ in catalyzing the degradation of the dye.     

嘉陵江流域经济空间分异研究

认识流域经济空间分异特征是科学决策、促进流域经济可持续发展的关键。以嘉陵江流经的主要县市为研究单元，选取度量嘉陵江流域经济发展的10个指标，运用主成分分析揭示流域经济差异，并用Geoda软件提供的空间分析方法揭示流域经济差异的空间分异特征。分析结果表明：流域内经济发展水平差异显著，并在地理空间上存在集聚性；流域内基本形成了“点 轴”式空间结构，且存在两个明显的经济热点区--绵 渝“双核区”，以及一个较大的经济盲区，即陕西、甘肃、四川三省交界处的边缘区域。在此基础上分析了影响流域空间经济分异的主要原因，提出盲点区与热点区的发展策略，防止流域内“极化”效应加剧，为缩小流域经济差距，促进流域经济协调发展提供基础依据.     

介绍一种原子吸收光谱法空心阴极灯的替代用法

用原子吸收光谱法测定Mn、Zn、Cu金属元素的常规监测中，需频繁更换Mn灯、Zn灯和Cu灯等空心阴极灯，耗时费力，增加了时间成本。文章介绍了一种新方法，用Mn灯、Zn灯两种空心阴极灯可作为Cu灯空心阴极灯使用。在实际操作中减少了更换灯的频次和预热次数，使测试工作变得经济而省时，降低了监测成本，提高了工作效率，是一项值得推广的方法改进。     

从废阴极射线管含铅玻璃中回收金属铅的研究进展

随着显像管技术的发展,我国迎来了大量阴极射线管(CRT)玻璃的报废期。废弃的CRT玻璃中含有大量的铅,属于危险废物。从国内外废CRT含铅玻璃的处理处置现状出发,归纳总结了废CRT含铅玻璃中铅的分离回收技术工艺,并分析了其特点及存在的问题。指出,未来该领域新技术的研发应同时注重4个方面:铅的回收率高,对玻璃中的其他组分能够有效利用,满足经济可行性要求,便于工业化生产。